Bus Interface Unit
A unit to interconnect the internal buses with the external buses for control, address and data bits.
A unit to interconnect the internal buses with the external buses for control, address and data bits.
Saturday, August 10, 2013
Memory Address Register
Memory Address Register
A register that holds the address for a memory unit for placing it on the bus using bus interface unit.
A register that holds the address for a memory unit for placing it on the bus using bus interface unit.
Internal Bus
Internal Bus
A set of paths that carry in parallel the signals between various internal structure units of a processor. Its size is 64 bit in a 64-bit processor.
A set of paths that carry in parallel the signals between various internal structure units of a processor. Its size is 64 bit in a 64-bit processor.
Output Buffer
Output Buffer
A register buffer from where an output device receives the byte after a processor -write operation.
A register buffer from where an output device receives the byte after a processor -write operation.
Input Buffer
Input Buffer
A buffer where an input device puts a byte and the processor reads it later.
A buffer where an input device puts a byte and the processor reads it later.
Serial Port
Serial Port
A port for read and write operations with one bit at an instance and where each bit of the message is separated by constant timer intervals.
A port for read and write operations with one bit at an instance and where each bit of the message is separated by constant timer intervals.
SOC ( System On Chip)
SOC ( System On Chip)
A system on a VLSI chip that has all the needed analog as well as digital circuits .
Example:- Mobile Phone
A system on a VLSI chip that has all the needed analog as well as digital circuits .
Example:- Mobile Phone
Real-time operating system
Real-time operating system
Operating system software for real-time programming and scheduling , process and memory manager, device drivers , device management and multitasking.
Operating system software for real-time programming and scheduling , process and memory manager, device drivers , device management and multitasking.
Kernel
Kernel
A program with functions for memory allocation and de-allocation, task scheduling, inter-process communication , effective management of shared memory access by using the signals, exception (error) handling signals, semaphores, queues, mailboxes, pipes, and sockets, , I/O management, interrupts controls, device drivers and device management.
A program with functions for memory allocation and de-allocation, task scheduling, inter-process communication , effective management of shared memory access by using the signals, exception (error) handling signals, semaphores, queues, mailboxes, pipes, and sockets, , I/O management, interrupts controls, device drivers and device management.
Device Driver
Device Driver
Interrupt Service Routine Software, which runs after the programming of the control register of a peripheral device and to let the device get the inputs or outputs. It executes on an interrupt to or from the device.
Interrupt Service Routine Software, which runs after the programming of the control register of a peripheral device and to let the device get the inputs or outputs. It executes on an interrupt to or from the device.
File
File
A data structure ( or virtual device) which sends the records to a data sink and which stores the data from the data source. A file in computer may also be stored at the hard disk.
A data structure ( or virtual device) which sends the records to a data sink and which stores the data from the data source. A file in computer may also be stored at the hard disk.
Pipe
Pipe
A data structure (or virtual device ) which is sent a byte stream from a data source and which delivers the byte stream to the data sink.
A data structure (or virtual device ) which is sent a byte stream from a data source and which delivers the byte stream to the data sink.
Virtual Device
Virtual Device
A file or pipe that is programmed for opening and closing and for reading and writing, such as a program for attaching and detaching a physical device and for input and output.
A file or pipe that is programmed for opening and closing and for reading and writing, such as a program for attaching and detaching a physical device and for input and output.
Mask and ROM Mask
Mask and ROM Mask
Created at a foundry for fabrication of a chip. The ROM mask is created from the ROM image file .
Created at a foundry for fabrication of a chip. The ROM mask is created from the ROM image file .
Device Programmer
Device Programmer
It takes the inputs from a file generated by the locator and burns the fusable link to actually store the data and codes at the ROM.
It takes the inputs from a file generated by the locator and burns the fusable link to actually store the data and codes at the ROM.
Locator
Locator
It is a program that reallocate the linked files of the program application and the RTOS codes at the actual addresses of the ROM memory. It creates a file in a standard format. File is called ROM image.
It is a program that reallocate the linked files of the program application and the RTOS codes at the actual addresses of the ROM memory. It creates a file in a standard format. File is called ROM image.
Loader
Loader
It is a program that reallocates the physical memory addresses for loading into system RAM memory. Reallocation is necessary , as available memory may not start from 0x0000 at a given instant of processing in a computer. The loader is a part of the OS in a computer.
It is a program that reallocates the physical memory addresses for loading into system RAM memory. Reallocation is necessary , as available memory may not start from 0x0000 at a given instant of processing in a computer. The loader is a part of the OS in a computer.
Linker
Linker
A program that links the compiled codes with the other codes and provides the input for a loader or locator.
A program that links the compiled codes with the other codes and provides the input for a loader or locator.
Assembler
Assembler
A program that translates assembly language software into the machine codes placed in a file called '.exe' (executable) file.
A program that translates assembly language software into the machine codes placed in a file called '.exe' (executable) file.
Compiler
Compiler
A program that , according to the processor specification , generates machine codes from high level language. The codes are called object codes.
A program that , according to the processor specification , generates machine codes from high level language. The codes are called object codes.
Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer
A digital circuit that has digital inputs at any instance in multiple channels . The channel that is connected is the one that has the same address as the channel address bits in the input.
A digital circuit that has digital inputs at any instance in multiple channels . The channel that is connected is the one that has the same address as the channel address bits in the input.
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
A digital circuit that has digital inputs from multiple channels. It sends only one channel output at a time. The channel at the output has the same address as the channel address bits in its input.
A digital circuit that has digital inputs from multiple channels. It sends only one channel output at a time. The channel at the output has the same address as the channel address bits in its input.
Modem
Modem
A circuit to modulate the outgoing bits into pulses usually used on the telephone line and to demodulate the incoming pulses into bits for incoming messages.
A circuit to modulate the outgoing bits into pulses usually used on the telephone line and to demodulate the incoming pulses into bits for incoming messages.
LCD ( Liquid Crystal Diode)
LCD ( Liquid Crystal Diode)
A diode that absorbs or emits light on application of 3 to 4 V , 50 or 60 Hz voltage pulses with currents 50 mA. Multi-segment and multi-line LCD units are used for a display of digits, characters, charts, and short messages with very low power dissipation.
A diode that absorbs or emits light on application of 3 to 4 V , 50 or 60 Hz voltage pulses with currents 50 mA. Multi-segment and multi-line LCD units are used for a display of digits, characters, charts, and short messages with very low power dissipation.
LED ( Light Emitting Diode)
LED ( Light Emitting Diode)
Light Emitting Diode - a diode that emits red, green, yellow or infrared light on forward biasing between 1.6 V to 2 V and currents between 8-15 mA. Multi-segment and multi-line LED units are used for bright display of digits , characters, charts, and short messages.
Light Emitting Diode - a diode that emits red, green, yellow or infrared light on forward biasing between 1.6 V to 2 V and currents between 8-15 mA. Multi-segment and multi-line LED units are used for bright display of digits , characters, charts, and short messages.
Input Output (IO) ports
Input Output (IO) ports
The system gets the inputs and outputs from these. Through these the keypad or LCD units attach to the system.
The system gets the inputs and outputs from these. Through these the keypad or LCD units attach to the system.
DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)
DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)
Digital ( 8 or 10 or 12 ) bits converted to analog signal scaled to a reference voltage(s).
Digital ( 8 or 10 or 12 ) bits converted to analog signal scaled to a reference voltage(s).
PWM ( Pulse Width Modulator)
PWM ( Pulse Width Modulator)
Pulse Width Modulator to provide a pulse of width scaled to the analog output desired . On integrating PWM output, the DAC operation is achieved.
Pulse Width Modulator to provide a pulse of width scaled to the analog output desired . On integrating PWM output, the DAC operation is achieved.
ADC ( Analog to Digital Converter)
ADC ( Analog to Digital Converter)
A unit that converts, as required , the analog input between + and - pins with respect to the reference voltage(s) to digital 8 or 10 or 12 bits.
A unit that converts, as required , the analog input between + and - pins with respect to the reference voltage(s) to digital 8 or 10 or 12 bits.
Interrupt controller
Interrupt controller
A unit that controls the processor operations arising out of an interrupt from a source.
A unit that controls the processor operations arising out of an interrupt from a source.
watchdog timer
watchdog timer
A timer the timeout from which resets the processor in case the program gets stuck for an unexpected time.
A timer the timeout from which resets the processor in case the program gets stuck for an unexpected time.
Timer
Timer
A unit to provide the time for the system clock and real-time operations and scheduling.
A unit to provide the time for the system clock and real-time operations and scheduling.
ASIP ( Application Specific Instruction Processor)
ASIP ( Application Specific Instruction Processor)
A processor designed for specific application on a VLSI chip.
A processor designed for specific application on a VLSI chip.
ASSP ( Application Specific System Processor)
ASSP ( Application Specific System Processor)
A processing unit for specific tasks, like image compression , and that is integrated through the buses with the main processor in an embedded system.
A processing unit for specific tasks, like image compression , and that is integrated through the buses with the main processor in an embedded system.
Cache
Cache
A fast read and write on-chip unit for the processor execution unit. It stores a copy of a page of instructions and data. It has these fetched in advance from the ROM and RAM so that the processor does not have to wait for instruction and data from external buses.
A fast read and write on-chip unit for the processor execution unit. It stores a copy of a page of instructions and data. It has these fetched in advance from the ROM and RAM so that the processor does not have to wait for instruction and data from external buses.
RAM ( Random Access Memory)
RAM ( Random Access Memory)
This is Random Access Read and Write Memory that the processor uses to store programs and data that are volatile and which disappear on power down or off.
This is Random Access Read and Write Memory that the processor uses to store programs and data that are volatile and which disappear on power down or off.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
A read only that locates the following in its ROM- embedded software, initial data and strings and operating system or RTOS.
A read only that locates the following in its ROM- embedded software, initial data and strings and operating system or RTOS.
Memory
Memory
Memory stores all programs, input and output data. The processor fetches instructions from it to execute and gives the processed results back to it as per instruction.
Memory stores all programs, input and output data. The processor fetches instructions from it to execute and gives the processed results back to it as per instruction.
Reset Circuit
Reset Circuit
A circuit to force reset state and that gets activated for a short period on power up. When reset is activated , the processor generates a reset signal for the other system units needing reset.
A circuit to force reset state and that gets activated for a short period on power up. When reset is activated , the processor generates a reset signal for the other system units needing reset.
Reset
Reset
A processor state in which the processor registers acquire initial values and from which starts an initial program; this program is usually the one that also runs on power up.
A processor state in which the processor registers acquire initial values and from which starts an initial program; this program is usually the one that also runs on power up.
Clock
Clock
Fixed frequency pulses that an oscillator circuit generates and that controls all operations during processing and all timings references of the system. Frequency depends in the needs of the processor circuit.
Fixed frequency pulses that an oscillator circuit generates and that controls all operations during processing and all timings references of the system. Frequency depends in the needs of the processor circuit.
Registers
Registers
Registers are associated with the processor and temporarily store the variable values form memory and from the execution unit during processing of an instruction.
Registers are associated with the processor and temporarily store the variable values form memory and from the execution unit during processing of an instruction.
FPGA ( Field Programmable Gate Array)
FPGA ( Field Programmable Gate Array)
These are FPGAs on a chip. The chip has a large number of arrays with each element having fusable links. Each element of array consists of several XOR, AND, OR , multiplexer, de-multiplexer and tristate gates. By appropriate programming of fusable links, a design of a complex digital circuit is created on a chip.
These are FPGAs on a chip. The chip has a large number of arrays with each element having fusable links. Each element of array consists of several XOR, AND, OR , multiplexer, de-multiplexer and tristate gates. By appropriate programming of fusable links, a design of a complex digital circuit is created on a chip.
GPP (General Purpose Register )
GPP (General Purpose Register ):-
A processor from a number of families of processors, micro controllers, embedded processors and DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) having a general-purpose instruction set and readily available compilers to enable programming in a high level language.
A processor from a number of families of processors, micro controllers, embedded processors and DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) having a general-purpose instruction set and readily available compilers to enable programming in a high level language.
Micro controller
Micro controller:-
A unit with a processor . Memory, timers, watchdog timer, interrupt controller, ADC or PWM, etc. are provided as required by the application.
A unit with a processor . Memory, timers, watchdog timer, interrupt controller, ADC or PWM, etc. are provided as required by the application.
Process
A task that has a distinct memory allocation of its own and had one or more functions or procedures for specific job. The process may share the memory with other tasks. A processor may run multiple processes separately or concurrently.
Embedded System
Embedded System
A sophisticated system that has a computer as one of its components. An embedded system is a dedicated computer-based system for an application or product
A sophisticated system that has a computer as one of its components. An embedded system is a dedicated computer-based system for an application or product
system
System:-
A way of working , organizing or doing some task or series of tasks by following the fixed plan, program and set of rules
A way of working , organizing or doing some task or series of tasks by following the fixed plan, program and set of rules
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