Passing the reference

Passing the reference
From a function, an address of the argument value is passed from the called function when transferring processing to another calling function . The called function argument becomes modified when operated and the function may get a different argument value back after return to the calling function . The argument value does not save on the stack on passing its reference.

Passing the value

Passing the value 
From a function, a value is transferred to another function but the same value is reassigned to the original function after return from the called function. Before passing argument value save on a stack and retrieves back on return from the function. 

Infinite Loop

Infinite Loop
A loop from the program that cannot exit except on interrupt or on a change in certain parameters used by it.

Current Distribution in Parallel Circuits

Current Distribution in Parallel Circuits
Current flowing through each resistor , when connected in parallel , is inversely proportional to their respective resistances.
or
Current in any branch of a parallel circuit is directly proportional to its respective conductance and is equal to the total current flowing through the circuit multiplied by the ratio of the conductance of the branch to that of the circuit.

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

PARALLEL CIRCUITS
When number of resistors are connected in such a way that one end of each of them is joined to a common point and other ends being joined to another common point , then the resistors are said to be connected in parallel and such circuits are known as parallel circuits.

When a number of resistors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is given by the arithmetic sum of the reciprocals of their individual resistances.
1/R= 1/R1+1/R2......1/Rn 

Series Circuits

Series Circuits
When the resistors are connected end to end , so that they form only one path for the flow of current, then resistors are said to be connected in series and such circuits are known as series circuits.

When a number of resistors are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is given by the arithmetic sum of their individual resistances.
R= R1+R2+R3 ...... Rn 

Temperature coefficient of resistance

Temperature coefficient of resistance 
Temperature coefficient of resistance is defined as the ratio of increase in resistance per degree of rise of temperature to the original resistance.
It is not constant but depends upon the intial temperature on which the increment in resistance is based.